Bush Six

The Bush Six is a term which refers to six former officials of the United States government under the presidency of George W. Bush (2001–09), following the filing of criminal charges against them in Spain.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]} In March 2009 Baltasar Garzón was asked to consider whether Spain should allow charges to be filed against:

• Alberto Gonzales, former United States Attorney General;
• John Yoo, of the Office of Legal Counsel;
• Douglas Feith, former undersecretary of defense for policy;
• William Haynes II, former general counsel for the Department of Defense (chief counsel for Donald Rumsfeld);
• Jay Bybee, also at the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel; and
• David Addington, former Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States (under Dick Cheney).^[10]

Jane Mayer, writing in The New Yorker, reported that Phillipe Sands had predicted that charges would be laid against the six men back in his 2008 book Torture Team.^[4] Mayer reported that after hearing news of the Spanish charges, Sands told her, "This is the end of these people’s professional reputations! This is no joke. We’re talking about the serious potential deprivation of liberty.”

Scott Horton, writing in The Daily Beast, reported on April 13, 2009, that his sources said formal charges would be filed on April 14, 2009.^[5][11][12] Horton reported that Garzón had been urged to allow another judge, Ismail Moreno, to conduct the case, because he was still involved in the possible prosecution of Spanish former Guantanamo captives. Paul Havens, reporting for the Associated Press reported that an unnamed source within the Spanish prosecutors office had told him that the charges would be filed during the week of April 14, 2009.^[13] CNN, also quoting an unnamed source within the Spanish prosecutor's office, reported that charges were not expected for several days.^[14]

On April 16, 2009, the Spanish Attorney General stated he thought the Spanish investigative magistrate should drop the consideration of charges against the six men.^[15]

Under the Spanish justice system, investigating magistrates like Garzón are not under the authority of the Attorney General, and he can continue to consider laying charges even though the Attorney General has advised against it.^[15]

On April 23, 2009, Eloy Velasco took over responsibility for determining whether or not the six former Bush officials should face Spanish charges.^[16]

The Guardian reported on April 29, 2009, that Garzón initiated a formal investigation into whether confessions from four former Guantanamo captives was the result of the use of abusive interrogation techniques.^[17][18][19] The four men: Hamed Abderrahman Ahmed, Lahcen Ikassrien, Jamiel Abdul Latif al Banna and Omar Deghayes, had previously faced charges in Spanish courts, based on confessions they made while in US custody. Their charges had been dropped based on their claims that their confessions were false and were the result of abusive interrogation techniques.

On May 5, 2009, Investigating Magistrate Eloy Velasco formally requested the USA to indicate whether they were going to conduct a domestic inquiry into the six men's conduct.^[20] Spain's principle of universal justice allows third party states to charge non-citizens, and request their extradition, only when their country of citizenship has not conducted its own investigation.^[20]

On May 20, 2009, the New York Times reported that some Spanish legislators were proposing a law to strip investigating magistrates of the authority to pursue international human rights cases.^[21] This law, however, would not retroactively put an end to the progress of current cases. It would merely have stopped the initiation of similar cases.

According to historian Andy Worthington, writing in the Huffington Post, Spanish newspaper Público had reported that Garzón was proceeding to the next phase of his investigation.^[22] In February 2011, Spain’s High Court led by Judge Ruz rejected a Spanish prosecutor’s effort to stop the investigation. ^[23]

U.S. Embassy Cables

Numerous embassy cables leaked by the whistle-blowing website Wikileaks centered on the progression of the case.^[24][25][26] On April 1, 2009 a summary of the case was sent to the U.S. State Department by the Madrid Embassy. The cable suggests that the U.S. had intended to convince Spanish Officials to interfere with the National Court's judicial independence:

we do not know if the government would be willing to take the risky step of trying behind the scenes to influence the prosecutor's recommendation on this case or what their reaction to such a request would be. ^[27]

The cable reveals that Chief Prosecutor Javier Zaragoza intended to steer the case away from its assignment to Judge Baltasar Garzón who is well known for investigating a universal jurisdiction case targeting Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet and has been an outspoken critic of the Guantanamo Bay detention facility and has publicly stated that former President George W. Bush should be tried for war crimes.^[28]. Garzón was "forced to give up" the case against the Bush Six to another judge who declined to pursue the investigation.^[29][16] Garzón, however, continued an investigation in to torture at Guantanamo Bay and U.S. Officials indicated in a cable they feared he may, "attempt to wring all the publicity he can from the case unless and until he is forced to give it up." ^[17]

U.S. Senators, Mel Martinez and Judd Gregg lobbied on behalf of the U.S. government position as summarized in a embassy cable sent on April 17, 2009. Senator Martinez warned that, "the prosecutions would neither be understood nor accepted in the U.S. and would have an enormous impact on the bilateral relationship." Spanish Foreign Minister Angel Lossada was quoted as saying, "the National Court had broad jurisdiction for universal justice and that there was no political influence on the judicial process."^[30]

See also

• Lawfare

References